Peer-reviewed research

Every peer-reviewed study we cite across the compounds we track, gathered in one place and linked straight to its PubMed record. We summarize the literature and point you to it — we don't interpret it. Where a study or an FDA label published a dose, we report it with the source named. Nothing here is an endorsement or an efficacy or safety claim, and none of it is a recommendation to use anything. Everything is research use only.

How a review has to be sourced before it can ship — the citation, numeric-claim, evidence-label and language checks that fail the build rather than the reader. And kept separately from the literature: what regulators actually published, filed as dated primary-source records.

New · Field Notes Where peptide science meets the real world → Reported explainers on regulation, testing, and emerging research—including our veterinary peptide investigation.

Evidence reviews

Neutral, fact-checked summaries of the peer-reviewed literature per compound — every claim cited, every source linked. Research use only.

What the research says about vesugen Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on vesugen, a synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp tripeptide bioregulator studied almost entirely by a single research lineage in animal and in-vitro models, with one small uncontrolled human observational study and no controlled human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about prostamax Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on prostamax, a synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro short-peptide bioregulator studied almost entirely by a single research lineage in animal and in-vitro models, including cultures of ex-vivo human lymphocytes from elderly donors. There are no controlled human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about cardiogen Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on cardiogen, a synthetic short-peptide bioregulator studied almost entirely by a single research lineage in animal and in-vitro models, including ex-vivo human-cell cultures. There are no controlled human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about VIP Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide that acts as a potent vasodilator and immune modulator, with human evidence concentrated in physiology rather than therapeutic trials. Research use only.
What the research says about vilon Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Vilon, a synthetic Lys-Glu dipeptide bioregulator studied almost entirely by a single research lineage in animal, in-vitro, and human-cell-culture models, with no controlled human clinical trials. Research use only.
What the research says about tirzepatide Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in multiple phase 3 randomized trials for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Research use only.
What the research says about thymulin Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on thymulin, a zinc-dependent thymic peptide studied mostly in cell and animal models of immune, neuroendocrine, and inflammatory signaling, with human data limited to observational measurements of endogenous thymulin activity. Research use only.
What the research says about thymosin alpha-1 Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on thymosin alpha-1, an immune-modulating peptide studied in randomized trials and meta-analyses in specific patient populations such as sepsis, severe pancreatitis, COVID-19, COPD exacerbation, and chronic viral hepatitis. Research use only.
What the research says about thymogen Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on thymogen, the synthetic Glu-Trp dipeptide immunomodulator, studied mostly in animal and cell models with human data limited to older, largely uncontrolled clinical reports and a single older placebo-controlled surgical trial. Research use only.
What the research says about thymalin Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on thymalin, a thymus-derived peptide preparation studied mostly in cell and animal models of immune signaling, with human data limited to older, uncontrolled clinical reports and recent case series. Research use only.
What the research says about tesofensine Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on tesofensine, an oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor studied for weight reduction, whose pivotal obesity trial later drew a journal Expression of Concern. Research use only.
What the research says about tesamorelin Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on tesamorelin, a growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogue studied in randomized trials and pooled meta-analysis for HIV-associated abdominal fat. Research use only.
What the research says about teriparatide Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on teriparatide, a parathyroid-hormone analogue studied in randomized trials and meta-analyses as an anabolic osteoporosis therapy. Research use only.
What the research says about TB-500 and thymosin β4 Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature behind TB-500, a peptide related to thymosin β4 studied almost entirely in animal and in-vitro models. No controlled human trials exist. Research use only.
What the research says about survodutide Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on survodutide (BI 456906), an investigational glucagon-receptor / GLP-1-receptor dual agonist studied in phase 2 trials for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and MASH. Research use only.
What the research says about SS-31 (elamipretide) Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on SS-31 (elamipretide), a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that gained a narrow accelerated approval for Barth syndrome after mixed results in randomized trials. Research use only.
What the research says about SLU-PP-332 Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on SLU-PP-332, a synthetic pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) studied as an exercise mimetic entirely in cell and animal models. Research use only.
What the research says about sermorelin Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on sermorelin, a growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogue historically used as a diagnostic agent and studied in growth-hormone-deficient children. The modern research base is thin. Research use only.
What the research says about Semax Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Semax, a synthetic analogue of ACTH(4-10) studied mainly in animal and cell models, with a small human literature concentrated in Russian-language neurology journals. Research use only.
What the research says about semaglutide Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in phase 3 randomized trials and pooled meta-analysis for weight management and type 2 diabetes. Research use only.
What the research says about Selank Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Selank, a synthetic anxiolytic heptapeptide studied mainly in animal models, with a few small human studies concentrated in Russian-language psychiatry journals. Research use only.
What the research says about PT-141 (bremelanotide) Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on PT-141 (bremelanotide), a melanocortin-receptor agonist studied in phase 3 randomized trials for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women, where the measured effects are statistically significant but modest and debated. Research use only.
What the research says about PNC-27 Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on PNC-27, a p53/HDM-2-derived membrane-active peptide studied only in cancer-cell cultures and mouse tumor models. There are no human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about pinealon Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on pinealon, a synthetic Glu-Asp-Arg short peptide bioregulator studied mostly in cell-culture and animal models of neural tissue, with human data limited to small uncontrolled observational reports. Research use only.
What the research says about Pancragen Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Pancragen, a short synthetic peptide bioregulator studied by a single research group in rat, monkey, and cell-culture models of glucose tolerance and pancreatic cell differentiation, with only small human data. Research use only.
What the research says about oxytocin Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on oxytocin, an established obstetric hormone whose newer intranasal use for social, psychiatric, and metabolic effects remains an active and unsettled research area. Research use only.
What the research says about orforglipron Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on orforglipron, an oral small-molecule (nonpeptide) GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in a series of manufacturer-sponsored randomized trials for weight reduction and glycemic control. Research use only.
What the research says about NAD+ Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on NAD+, a coenzyme central to metabolism whose age-related decline is studied mostly in preclinical models. Human trials largely test oral precursors, not injected NAD+, and report limited efficacy. Research use only.
What the research says about MOTS-c Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied almost entirely in cell and animal models of metabolism and aging. No controlled human trials exist. Research use only.
What the research says about MK-677 (ibutamoren) Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on MK-677 (ibutamoren mesylate), an orally active growth-hormone secretagogue studied in multiple randomized human trials that raised IGF-1 but largely missed their clinical endpoints. Research use only.
What the research says about MGF Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on mechano-growth factor (MGF), a splice variant of IGF-1 studied in cell and animal models of muscle, cartilage, and neural repair. No controlled human trials, and a notable independent replication failure. Research use only.
What the research says about methylene blue Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on methylene blue, an old synthetic dye with established emergency uses and largely preclinical claims around cognition and aging. Research use only.
What the research says about Melanotan II Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Melanotan II, a melanocortin-receptor agonist used illicitly for tanning. There are no controlled human efficacy trials, and the human record is dominated by adverse-event case reports. Research use only.
What the research says about Melanotan I (afamelanotide) Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Melanotan I, the alpha-MSH analogue that, as the pharmaceutical afamelanotide, was studied in randomized trials and approved for a rare light-intolerance disorder, while its popular tanning use remains unregulated and untested. Research use only.
What the research says about mazdutide Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on mazdutide (IBI362 / LY3305677), a glucagon-receptor / GLP-1-receptor dual agonist studied in multiple randomized trials and approved in China for weight management and type 2 diabetes. Research use only.
What the research says about Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide) Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Matrixyl, a palmitoyl-pentapeptide cosmetic ingredient studied in fibroblast collagen assays and small topical trials. Research use only.
What the research says about LL-37 Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on LL-37, the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, studied largely as native host-defense biology and in preclinical models, with context-dependent and sometimes harmful effects. Research use only.
What the research says about livagen Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Livagen, a synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala tetrapeptide bioregulator studied almost entirely by a single research lineage in human-cell-culture, in-vitro, and animal models, with no controlled human clinical trials. Research use only.
What the research says about L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on L-carnitine and its acetyl ester (ALCAR), studied in human trials across neuropathy, mood, and cognition with mixed results. Research use only.
What the research says about KPV Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on KPV (lysine-proline-valine), the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH studied for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects almost entirely in cell and animal models. Research use only.
What the research says about kisspeptin Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on kisspeptin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide studied extensively in human experimental-medicine physiology of the reproductive axis, with fewer large therapeutic trials. Research use only.
What the research says about ipamorelin Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on ipamorelin, a selective growth-hormone secretagogue studied mainly in animal and in-vitro models, with only small early human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about IGF-1 LR3 Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1), an insulin-like growth factor-1 analog used mainly as a laboratory research reagent and studied only in animal and cell models. No controlled human trials of the analog exist. Research use only.
What the research says about humanin Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on humanin, a small mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for cytoprotection in cell and animal models, with human evidence limited to observational and genetic associations. Research use only.
What the research says about hexarelin Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on hexarelin, a synthetic growth-hormone-releasing peptide studied mainly in short human neuroendocrine experiments and in animal cardiovascular models. Research use only.
What the research says about HCG Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone that acts through the LH/CG receptor, best known in pregnancy and reproductive endocrinology. Research use only.
What the research says about gonadorelin Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on gonadorelin, synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), whose effect on the reproductive axis depends critically on whether it is delivered in pulses or continuously. Research use only.
What the research says about glutathione Strong evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on supplemental glutathione, studied in randomized trials and systematic reviews mostly for skin lightening plus a few metabolic and pediatric outcomes, where oral bioavailability and clinical benefit remain debated. Research use only.
What the research says about GHRP-6 Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on GHRP-6, a synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide studied in short human growth-hormone-stimulation and diagnostic trials. Research use only.
What the research says about GHRP-2 Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on GHRP-2 (pralmorelin), a synthetic growth-hormone-releasing peptide studied in short human growth-hormone-secretion and endocrine-physiology trials. Research use only.
What the research says about GHK-Cu Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on GHK-Cu, a copper-binding tripeptide studied largely in cell, animal, and topical-cosmetic models of skin and tissue repair. Controlled injectable human trials are essentially absent. Research use only.
What the research says about FOXO4-DRI Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on FOXO4-DRI, a synthetic senolytic peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction and trigger death of senescent cells. All evidence to date is in cells and animals. Research use only.
What the research says about follistatin Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on follistatin, an activin- and myostatin-binding protein studied in animal models of muscle growth and, in humans, mostly as a circulating metabolic biomarker. No controlled human administration trials. Research use only.
What the research says about Epithalon Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on Epithalon (Epitalon), a synthetic pineal tetrapeptide studied mainly in animal and cell models of aging, with a small human literature dominated by a single research group. Research use only.
What the research says about DSIP Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide), a nine-amino-acid peptide studied mainly in animal models, with a small human literature that is old and inconclusive. Research use only.
What the research says about dihexa Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on dihexa, an angiotensin-IV-derived peptide studied as a procognitive, synaptogenic agent in animal models. Research use only.
What the research says about cortagen Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on cortagen, a synthetic brain-cortex-derived tetrapeptide bioregulator studied only in animal and in-vitro models, including ex-vivo human-cell cultures. There are no controlled human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about CJC-1295 Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on CJC-1295, a long-acting growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogue studied in small early human pharmacology trials and animal models. No clinical outcome trials exist. Research use only.
What the research says about cerebrolysin Conflicting evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on cerebrolysin, a porcine-brain-derived peptide preparation studied in stroke and dementia trials with conflicting results. Research use only.
What the research says about cagrilintide Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on cagrilintide, an investigational long-acting amylin analogue studied in an early-phase human trial for weight management. Research use only.
What the research says about bronchogen Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on bronchogen, a synthetic Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu short peptide bioregulator studied only in animal lung models and in-vitro cell and DNA assays. There are no controlled human trials. Research use only.
What the research says about BAM15 Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on BAM15, a mitochondrial-uncoupler small molecule studied in cell and animal models of obesity and metabolic disease. Research use only.
What the research says about argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-8) Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-8), a topical cosmetic peptide studied in small randomized anti-wrinkle trials. Research use only.
Are research peptides safe? What the evidence does and doesn't show Limited evidence
A neutral, cited look at what "safe" can and cannot mean for research peptides. The published record ranges from large human trials for a few compounds to animal-only data for many. Not medical advice. Research use only.
What the research says about ARA-290 (cibinetide) Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on ARA-290 (cibinetide), a non-erythropoietic erythropoietin-derived peptide studied in small phase 2 trials of sarcoidosis-associated small-fiber neuropathy and other conditions. Research use only.
What the research says about AOD-9604 Limited evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on AOD-9604, a C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone studied as a lipolytic anti-obesity candidate. The human evidence is older and limited, and much of the recent literature is anti-doping detection methodology rather than efficacy. Research use only.
What the research says about AICAR Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on AICAR, an AMPK-activating small molecule studied as an experimental exercise-mimetic in cell and animal models. Research use only.
What the research says about adipotide Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on adipotide, a fat-targeting pro-apoptotic peptidomimetic studied in obese monkeys and rodent models. Research use only.
What the research says about retatrutide Moderate evidence
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on retatrutide, an experimental triple-hormone-receptor agonist studied in early-phase human trials for obesity. Research use only.
What the research says about BPC-157 and tissue repair Preclinical only
A neutral summary of the peer-reviewed literature on BPC-157, a peptide studied almost entirely in animal and in-vitro models for tissue repair. No controlled human trials exist. Research use only.

Every study we cite

72 studies across 24 compounds

BPC-157 3 studies

Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
Review human Cell and tissue research · 2019 · PMID 30915550
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing
Review species not classified Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021 · PMID 34267654
Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review
Review species not classified HSS journal · 2025 · PMID 40756949

Retatrutide 3 studies

Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial
RCT human The New England journal of medicine · 2023 · PMID 37366315
Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial
RCT human Nature medicine · 2024 · PMID 38858523
Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous retatrutide on weight and metabolic markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Review species not classified Metabolism open · 2024 · PMID 39318607

Tirzepatide 3 studies

Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial
RCT human Lancet · 2021 · PMID 34186022
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
RCT human Lancet · 2023 · PMID 37385275
Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity
Clinical trial human The New England journal of medicine · 2025 · PMID 40353578

Semaglutide 3 studies

Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
RCT human Lancet · 2021 · PMID 33667417
Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis human Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 2022 · PMID 36578889
Safety of Semaglutide
Review human Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021 · PMID 34305810

TB-500 3 studies

Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies
Review human International immunopharmacology · 2023 · PMID 36709593
Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4
Review human Vitamins and hormones · 2016 · PMID 27450736
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids
Study human Stem cell reports · 2025 · PMID 40816274

Tesamorelin 3 studies

Tesamorelin: a review of its use in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy
Review human Drugs · 2011 · PMID 21668043
Efficacy and safety of tesamorelin in people with HIV on integrase inhibitors
RCT human AIDS · 2024 · PMID 38905488
Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD
RCT human JCI insight · 2020 · PMID 32701508

Cagrilintide 3 studies

Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial
RCT human Lancet · 2021 · PMID 34798060
Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
RCT human The New England journal of medicine · 2025 · PMID 40544433
Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue
Study human Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2021 · PMID 34288673

Ipamorelin 3 studies

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Study animal European journal of endocrinology · 1998 · PMID 9849822
Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats
Study animal Growth hormone & IGF research · 1999 · PMID 10373343
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers
RCT human Pharmaceutical research · 1999 · PMID 10496658

CJC-1295 3 studies

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
RCT human The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2006 · PMID 16352683
Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse
Study animal American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2006 · PMID 16822960
Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions
Review human Substance use & misuse · 2016 · PMID 26771670

Sermorelin 3 studies

Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency?
Study human Clinical interventions in aging · 2006 · PMID 18046908
Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
Study species not classified BioDrugs · 1999 · PMID 18031173
Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males
Review species not classified Translational andrology and urology · 2020 · PMID 32257855

NAD+ 3 studies

NAD(+) metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing
Review human Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2021 · PMID 33353981
NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration
Review human Science · 2015 · PMID 26785480
The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update
Review human Advances in nutrition · 2023 · PMID 37619764

MOTS-c 3 studies

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance
Study human Cell metabolism · 2015 · PMID 25738459
MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation
Review human Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023 · PMID 36761202
MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders
Review species not classified Metabolites · 2023 · PMID 36677050

GHK-Cu 3 studies

Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
Review human International journal of molecular sciences · 2018 · PMID 29986520
The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide
Study species not classified Aging pathobiology and therapeutics · 2020 · PMID 35083444
GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration
Review human BioMed research international · 2015 · PMID 26236730

Melanotan II 3 studies

Melanotan-II reverses memory impairment induced by a short-term HF diet
Study animal Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023 · PMID 37478579
Melanotan-associated melanoma
Observational human The British journal of dermatology · 2011 · PMID 21564053
Melanotan II: a possible cause of renal infarction: review of the literature and case report
Review human CEN case reports · 2020 · PMID 31953620

PT-141 3 studies

Bremelanotide: First Approval
Review human Drugs · 2019 · PMID 31429064
Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Systematic review human The Annals of pharmacotherapy · 2020 · PMID 31893927
Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire
Review species not classified Neurology international · 2022 · PMID 35076581

Selank 3 studies

Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission
Study species not classified Frontiers in pharmacology · 2016 · PMID 26924987
Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats
Study animal Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2019 · PMID 31625062
The Influence of Selank on the Level of Cytokines Under the Conditions of "Social" Stress
Study animal Current reviews in clinical and experimental pharmacology · 2021 · PMID 32621722

Semax 3 studies

Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents
Study animal Neurochemical research · 2005 · PMID 16362768
Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia
Study animal Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2010 · PMID 19633950
Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice
Study animal British journal of pharmacology · 2025 · PMID 40692165

Kisspeptin 3 studies

The Role of Kisspeptin in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Reproduction
Review human Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022 · PMID 35837314
Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin - the link between energy balance and reproduction
Review human Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2020 · PMID 32427949
Kisspeptin and Glucose Homeostasis
Review human Seminars in reproductive medicine · 2019 · PMID 31869842

Epithalon 3 studies

Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties
Review human International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 · PMID 40141333
Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity
Study human Biogerontology · 2025 · PMID 40908429
Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro
Study animal Aging · 2022 · PMID 35413689

AOD-9604 3 studies

AOD-9604 Metabolic
Review human Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England · 2004 · PMID 15134286
Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model
Study animal Annals of clinical and laboratory science · 2015 · PMID 26275694
Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604
Study human Drug testing and analysis · 2015 · PMID 25208511

Glutathione 3 studies

Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial
RCT human The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023 · PMID 35975308
Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione
RCT human European journal of nutrition · 2015 · PMID 24791752
GlyNAC Supplementation Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Aging Hallmarks, Metabolic Defects, Muscle Strength, Cognitive Decline, and Body Composition: Implications for Healthy Aging
Review human The Journal of nutrition · 2021 · PMID 34587244

Thymosin Alpha-1 3 studies

The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial
RCT human BMJ · 2025 · PMID 39814420
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B
Study human Expert opinion on biological therapy · 2015 · PMID 25640173
Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1
Review human International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 · PMID 41373628

DSIP 3 studies

Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a review
Review human Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 1984 · PMID 6145137
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle
Review human Journal of neurochemistry · 2006 · PMID 16539679
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Recovers Motor Function in SD Rats after Focal Stroke
Study animal Molecules · 2021 · PMID 34500605

IGF-1 LR3 3 studies

IGF-1 LR3 does not promote growth in late-gestation growth-restricted fetal sheep
Study animal American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2025 · PMID 39679943
Sheep recombinant IGF-1 promotes organ-specific growth in fetal sheep
Study species not classified Frontiers in physiology · 2022 · PMID 36091374
Recombinant expression of IGF-1 and LR3 IGF-1 fused with xylanase in Pichia pastoris
Study human Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023 · PMID 37261455

A representative set of studies for each compound, linked straight to PubMed — not an endorsement or a claim that any result applies to human use. Read them and judge for yourself. pepmg sells nothing and gives no medical or human-use guidance. Everything here is research use only.