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Study summary · research use only

[Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a new pharmacological treatment option for psychiatric illnesses?]

Review · human · Der Nervenarzt · 2025 · DOI 10.1007/s00115-025-01813-x · PMID 40042613

Plain-language summary

Paraphrased from the published abstract below — not a verdict on whether anything works.

This review (in German, with an English abstract) discusses GLP-1 receptor agonists—albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, orforglipron, and semaglutide—along with tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP agonist) and retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon agonist) as potential treatments for psychiatric illness. It describes known mechanisms including increased insulin release, suppressed glucagon release, slowed gastric emptying, reduced appetite, and reported anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and dopaminergic effects that could influence responses to cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine. Preliminary findings are cited suggesting benefit for dementia, eating disorders, psychopharmacologically induced weight gain, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, alongside gastrointestinal side effects and more serious risks including pancreatitis, allergic reactions, renal dysfunction, and possibly increased thyroid cancer risk.

Abstract

Albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, orforglipron and semaglutide are glucagon-like peptide‑1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Tirzepatide targets not only GLP‑1 but also glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptors and retatrutide is a triple GLP‑1, GIP and glucagon receptor agonist. The GLP‑1 receptor agonists increase insulin release but suppress glucagon release. They slow down the emptying of the stomach and thus prevent blood sugar spikes. They reduce appetite and food intake. In the brain GLP‑1 receptor agonists lead to a better glycemic control and they appear to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It has been reported that GLP‑1 receptor agonists reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis, lower the risk of ischemia and promote neurogenesis. The GLP‑1 receptor agonists can also influence dopaminergic signal transduction in the nucleus accumbens. Therefore, they could modify the effect of cocaine, alcohol and nicotine. Preliminary investigations provide indications of the therapeutic benefits of GLP‑1 receptor agonists for people with dementia, eating disorders, psychopharmacologically induced weight gain, depression, anxiety and substance use disorders. Typical accompanying adverse reactions are gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, eructation and gastroesophageal reflux. More severe side effects include pancreatitis, allergic reactions, renal function disorders and possibly an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Zu den Glucagon-like-peptide-1(GLP-1)-Rezeptoragonisten gehören Albiglutid, Dulaglutid, Exenatid, Liraglutid, Lixisenatid, Orforglipron und Semaglutid. Tirzepatid bindet nicht nur an GLP-1-, sondern auch an glukoseabhängige insulinotrope Peptidrezeptoren (GIP). Retratrutid ist ein dreifacher GLP-1-, GIP- und Glucagonrezeptoragonist. GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten erhöhen die Insulin- und unterdrücken die Glucagonfreisetzung. Sie verlangsamen die Magenentleerung und verhindern so Blutzuckerspitzen. Sie reduzieren den Appetit und die Nahrungsaufnahme. Im Gehirn führen GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten zu einer besseren Blutzuckerkontrolle, und sie scheinen entzündungshemmende und neuroprotektive Wirkungen zu haben. Es wurde berichtet, dass GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten oxidativen Stress und apoptotische Prozesse reduzieren, das Risiko einer Ischämie senken und die Neurogenese fördern. GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten können auch die dopaminerge Signaltransduktion im Nucleus accumbens beeinflussen. Somit könnten sie die Wirkung von Kokain, Alkohol und Nikotin verändern. Vorläufige Untersuchungen weisen auf einen therapeutischen Nutzen von GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten für Patientinnen und Patienten mit Demenz, Essstörungen, psychopharmakologisch induzierter Gewichtszunahme, Depressionen, Angststörungen und Abhängigkeitserkrankungen hin. Typische unerwünschte Begleiterscheinungen sind gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen wie Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Durchfall, Aufstoßen und gastroösophagealer Reflux. Zu den schwerwiegenderen Nebenwirkungen gehören Pankreatitis, allergische Reaktionen, Nierenfunktionsstörungen und möglicherweise ein erhöhtes Schilddrüsenkarzinomrisiko.

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