Study summary · research use only
Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance
Plain-language summary
Paraphrased from the published abstract below — not a verdict on whether anything works.
This review discusses follistatin and follistatin-like proteins as autocrine and paracrine signaling messengers, of which there are five known types. Species is not specified, as the review covers general cellular signaling biology. The authors describe these proteins as involved in binding receptors such as DIP2A, TLR4, and BMP, and in regulating the cell cycle, tissue differentiation, metabolic pathways, and pro-inflammatory intracellular signaling; they note that activation or experimental knockout of the corresponding genes has been reported to cause fatal consequences for cells and the organism, and that abnormal function of these pathways has been linked to oncology or apoptosis. The review characterizes possible practical applications of follistatin-like proteins in biomedicine.
Abstract
Main forms of cellular signal transmission are known to be autocrine and paracrine signaling. Several cells secrete messengers called autocrine or paracrine agents that can bind the corresponding receptors on the surface of the cells themselves or their microenvironment. Follistatin and follistatin-like proteins can be called one of the most important bifunctional messengers capable of displaying both autocrine and paracrine activity. Whilst they are not as diverse as protein hormones or protein kinases, there are only five types of proteins. However, unlike protein kinases, there are no minor proteins among them; each follistatin-like protein performs an important physiological function. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways and biological processes, having the ability to bind to receptors such as DIP2A, TLR4, BMP and some others. The activation or experimentally induced knockout of the protein-coding genes often leads to fatal consequences for individual cells and the whole body as follistatin-like proteins indirectly regulate the cell cycle, tissue differentiation, metabolic pathways, and participate in the transmission chains of the pro-inflammatory intracellular signal. Abnormal course of these processes can cause the development of oncology or apoptosis, programmed cell death. There is still no comprehensive understanding of the spectrum of mechanisms of action of follistatin-like proteins, so the systematization and study of their cellular functions and regulation is an important direction of modern molecular and cell biology. Therefore, this review focuses on follistatin-related proteins that affect multiple targets and have direct or indirect effects on cellular signaling pathways, as well as to characterize the directions of their practical application in the field of biomedicine.
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